Lora O'Brien,
NUI Maynooth 2011 - 2012
Parental Alienation (referred to forthwith as PA) is a problem I have
experienced personally during current custody litigation and divorce. For the purposes of this essay, PA is defined
as the deliberate/unconscious manipulation by an Aligned (alienating) Parent,
of their child/children’s feelings/beliefs with regard to the Target
Parent. Here we will examine the history
and development, whether it can be classed as a syndrome, other issues and
research, and look at some of the available data from medical and legal
professionals.
What is the
history of PA?
In 1976, Wallerstein and Kelly
identified in their sample of divorcing families a clinical phenomenon that
they termed pathological alignment. They described a child living with one
parent who irrationally rejected the other parent and who refused to visit or
have contact with that other parent. (Bow et al, 2009, p. 127)
They described it as an “unholy
alliance” between a narcissistically enraged parent and a vulnerable older
child or adolescent who together waged battle in efforts to hurt or punish the
other parent. (Johnston, 2003, p. 158)
The concept of this clinical phenomenon was developed by Richard
Gardner, who became known for his writing and expert consultation on the
subject, naming it Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), with his last article
published posthumously in 2004. There
has been much written on PA, and in America, a majority of professionals
studied who are involved with child custody cases “considered themselves very
knowledgeable about the concept”; having read books, journal articles, and
attended conferences, as well as being familiar through their working life (Bow
et al, 2009, p. 134).
Is it a Syndrome?
The definition of PA as a recognised and measurable syndrome has proven
to be one of the controversial points.
Kelly and Johnston (2001), maintain that PA cannot be a diagnostic
syndrome, as defined in 1994 by the American Psychiatric Association, as there
is no “commonly recognized, or empirically verified pathogenesis, course,
familial pattern, or treatment selection” (p. 249). Admittedly, it could be defined as a
non-diagnostic syndrome, if it is viewed as a “grouping of signs and symptoms,
based on their frequent co-occurrence” (p. 250), but their concern is that this
does not examine cause, prognosis, or treatment of these behaviours. Summarily, they say “the term PAS does not
add any information that would enlighten the court, the clinician, or their
clients, all of whom would be better served by a more specific description of
the child’s behaviour in the context of his or her family” (p. 250)
Gardner’s 2004 rejoinder to this, as mentioned above, provides a
differing three level definition for the term syndrome, and argues that this
definition is met by PAS on all three levels (p. 612).
- 1. isolated signs or symptoms without apparent linkage to one another, with many possible causes and treatment modalities
- 2. the grouping of specific signs and symptoms into a distinctive syndrome, with the fact that the symptoms occur together being one of the hallmarks of the syndrome, even though all may not be present in the milder forms
- 3. the identification of a particular pathological process or causative agent that brings about the particular constellation of symptoms
However, PAS has not been included in the American Psychiatric
Association’s DSM-III, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV in
2000. Parental Alienation Disorder is
listed as one of the ‘Conditions Proposed by Outside Sources’ for DSM-5, which
is due for publication in May 2013.
This has led to fresh controversy in the field, with the primary concern
being that PAS has been an effective tool used by the defence in masking or
diverting attention from child abuse allegations during court cases. Paula Caplan, in a 2011 article in ‘Psychology
Today’, states that PAS is a medical-sounding term for nothing more than “she’s
a vengeful woman who’s trying to make her children tell horrific lies about
their father”. Johnston (2003) reports
that “attorneys have vilified the aligned parent and argued for court orders
that are coercive and punitive, including a change of custody to the ‘hated’
parent in some cases” (p. 158). If the
Aligned Parent is not actively manipulating, and the “hated” parent is indeed
guilty of abusing a child, this is obviously cause for serious concern. The assertions of Kelly and Johnston (2001)
that the “indiscriminate use of PAS terminology has led to widespread confusion
and misunderstanding in judicial, legal, and psychological circles” (p. 250)
must be taken into account when examining PA.
Other issues and
research
The relative lack of empirical research is a problem in our
understanding of PA. While this has
begun to be addressed by such studies as Johnston, 2003; Baker, 2005; Baker
2006; and Bow et al, 2009, there are many gaps remaining in the available data
on the subject. For example, in these
studies it has been noted that the mother is the usual Aligned Parent, with the
father being the Target Parent. Is this
however, a primary custodial carer issue, rather than a gender based problem –
or are mothers in general actually more humiliated, unstable, angry or
vindictive on the break-up of their marriage?
In Baker’s 2006 study of 40 adults who were alienated from their parent
as children, she notes: ‘...in all but
six cases the alienating parent was the mother’ (p. 65). In 85 per cent of the cases in this study,
the mother is indeed the Aligned (alienating) Parent. But in all of these 34 cases, the mother has
full (26/34) or joint (8/34) custody.
(See Appendix 1 Table for full layout)
·
Where mother has full custody, Aligned Parent is always the mother (27/27) 100
per cent
·
Where father has full custody, Aligned Parent is always the father (2/2) 100
per cent
·
Joint custody, Aligned Parent is likely the mother (8/11)
73 per cent
·
Joint custody, Aligned Parent is less likely the father (3/11) 27 per cent
Of the joint custody cases, it is not stated whether the child lived
usually with the mother, or the father.
It would seem more reasonable at this point to view this as a Primary
Carer problem, rather than something that mothers are more likely to do, until
we have more data available. But this
would deprive many Father’s rights groups of a major source of argument and
outrage, as seen in an online article by Stan Hayward, ‘A Guide to the Parental
Alienation Syndrome’ (date unknown), where we are told that the mother wants to
“get rid of the father” using PAS methods, for such reasons as:
- · The mother is egged on by other women hostile to men
- · The children may be the only aspect of control the mother has
- · A mother who has another partner will want the father out of her life
This type of view is overly simplistic, and further serves to muddy the
waters of this debate.
What does help to clarify the situation is a focus on the child. Johnston’s 2003 study sampled 215 children
over the first three years of divorce/custody applications. She found that only nine per cent showed
extreme alignment to the mother, and a similar eight per cent extreme alignment
to the father. This would seem to
indicate that there is a fairly even spread of mother/father alignment in cases
where PA indicators are found to be present.
Johnston states:
Lack of warm, involved parenting was
the strongest predictor of the child’s rejection of both mother and father, but
this could well be a consequence of the child’s being difficult and rejecting
the parent. (p. 167)
Her conclusions detail that contrary to general PAS theory, saying the
Aligned Parent is the primary cause of alienation displays, “children’s
negative behaviour and attitude toward a parent have multiple determinants” (p.
169). Both parents may be contributing
to the situation, while parenting skills deficiency, gender relationship
(mother - daughter, etc), and any underlying vulnerabilities in the children
(such as age, social competence, underlying anxiety, existing emotional and behavioural
problems) are also contributing factors.
As a divorcing parent who has felt moderately targeted by an Aligned
Parent, the author would have been very satisfied to report that symptoms of
alienation were caused absolutely by the other party. The reality though, is that divorce and
custody litigation is a complex situation, with no black and white causality or
cure.
Professional
opinion and experience
A study of 448 medical and legal professionals (custody evaluators,
trial attorneys, mediators, parent coordinators, therapists, judges, advocates,
consultants, and researchers) was conducted in 2009 by Bow, Gould, and Flens;
surveying them on the topic of PA in child custody cases. PA was viewed by 67 per cent as
controversial, with 95 per cent viewing it as multi-dimensional, but 75 per
cent reported not viewing it as a syndrome.
In cases before them where PA was suspected/detected (26 per cent of
their custody cases) the most common child age was ten years, and mothers were named
as the most common Aligned Parent (66 per cent). When it came to assessment, they indicated
interviews with Target Parent, Aligned Parent, and child as the most useful
methods (p. 139), while the most successful intervention tactics were given
as: individual therapy with the
children, Aligned Parent, and Target Parent; and parental education (p. 139).
Conclusion
The majority opinion is certainly that PA exists as an observable, and
even predictable/ measurable, issue of divorce or child custody
litigation. It would be useful for
professionals across the disciplines, who deal with families of divorce and
custody litigation, to remain aware of PA, educated with regard to current
official status, and the most up to date research, identification and
intervention recommendations.
Word Count: 1,610
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Johnston, J. (2003)
‘Parental Alignments and Rejection: An Empirical Study of Alienation in
Children of Divorce.’ The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and
the Law, 31(2) 158-170.
Baker, A. (2005) ‘The
Long-Term Effects of Parental Alienation on Adult Children: A Qualitative
Research Study.’ The American Journal of Family Therapy, 33 (4) 289-302.
Baker, A. (2006) ‘Patterns
of Parental Alienation Syndrome: A Qualitative
Study
of Adults Who were Alienated from a Parent as a Child.’ The American Journal
of Family Therapy, 34 (1) 63-78.
Bow, J., Gould, J. and Flens, J. (2009) ‘Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A
Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals.’ The American Journal of
Family Therapy, 37 (2) 127-145.
Gardner, R. (2004) ‘Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The Alienated Child: A Reformulation
of Parental Alienation Syndrome.” Family Court Review, 42 (4) 611-621.
Kelly, J. and Johnston, J. (2001) ‘The
Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome.’ Family Court Review,39 (3) 249-266.
American Psychiatric
Association DSM-5 Development (2012) ‘Conditions proposed by Outside Sources’
[on-line]. Available from: http://www.dsm5.org/proposedrevision/P.s/Conditions-Proposed-by-Outside-Sources.aspx [Accessed 21 November,
2011], (re-checked 29 January, 2012).
Hayward, S.
(date unavailable) UK Men and Father’s Rights, ‘A
Guide To The Parental Alienation
Syndrome’ [on-line]. Available from: http://www.coeffic.demon.co.uk/pas.htm, [Accessed 13 November,
2011], (re-checked 29 January, 2012).
Caplan, P. (2011) Psychology Today - Science
Isn’t Golden, ‘Parental Alienation
Syndrome’: Another Alarming DSM-5 Proposal’ [on-line]. Available from: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/science-isnt-golden/201106/parental-alienation-syndrome-another-alarming-dsm-5-proposal, [Accessed 14 November,
2011], (re-checked 29 January, 2012).
